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Livias
Livias (Talmudic (ヘブライ語:בית רמתה), ) was a city in Transjordan in Classical Antiquity.
==Location==
The traditional location of the Roman city is at Tell er-Rameh, a small hill rising in the plain beyond Jordan, about twelve miles from Jericho.〔Morris Jastrow and Frants Buhl, “Beth–Aram,” ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (New York, N.Y.: Funk & Wagnalls, 1906), 119; Siméon Vailhé, “Livias,” trans. Mario Anello, ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York, N.Y.: Appleton Company, 1910), 9:315; William F. Albright, “The Jordan Valley in the Bronze Age,” ''Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' 6 (1925 1924): 49 (); Nelson Glueck, “Some Ancient Towns in the Plains of Moab,” ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' 91 (1943): 11 (); Kay Prag, “A Walk in the Wadi Hesban,” ''Palestine Exploration Quarterly'' 123 (1991): 60–61; Herbert Donner, ''The Mosaic Map of Madaba. An Introductory Guide'', Palaestina Antiqua 7 (Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1992), 39; Estee Dvorjetski, ''Leisure, Pleasure, and Healing: Spa Culture and Medicine in Ancient Eastern Mediterranean'', Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 116 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 202; .〕 However, evidence from the Tell el-Hammam excavations raises questions about this identification.〔(Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project )〕 It has been proposed that, while Tell er-Rameh was the commercial and residential center of Livias, the area around Tall el-Hammam, which grew in the Early Roman period, was the administrative epicentre of the city. Archaeological evidence from Shuneh al-Janubiyyah has shown the existence of a church in the diocese, dating from the sixth-eighth centuries. A third Byzantine church was discovered between Tall Kafrayn and Tell el-Hammam ( to the west of Tell el-Hammam) with a large mosaic floor now being used as a Muslim cemetery.〔Graves and Stripling: 195.〕
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